TAXI!: From Sedan Chairs to the Black Cabs of London

May 25, 2023June 8, 2023 Phil Hodges 0 Comments Hackney Carriage, London, Taxi, Transport

The London taxi, known for their iconic black colour and spacious interiors, have become synonymous with the city’s transportation system. Over the centuries, the evolution of London taxis has been shaped by changing modes of transport, societal needs, and regulations.

Sedan Chairs and Horse-Drawn Carriages
The Rise of Black Cabs
Societal Impact and Cultural Significance
The Rules to Become a Cabby
Laws Governing London Taxis
Arrival

From the days of sedan chairs and horse-drawn carriages to the modern black cabs, these vehicles have played an integral role in London’s history and culture. Today we will explore the fascinating history of London taxis, their societal impact, the emergence of hackney carriages, the rise of black cabs, the rules to become a cabby, and the laws governing this distinctive mode of transport.

Sedan Chairs and Horse-Drawn Carriages

Before the advent of mechanised transportation, sedan chairs and horse-drawn carriages served as the primary means of public transport in London.

Sedan Chairs:

During the 17th and 18th centuries, sedan chairs were popular among the upper classes. Sedan chairs were enclosed boxes carried by two or more bearers, providing a comfortable and relatively speedy mode of transportation through the city’s crowded streets. This form of transport was for the (very) wealthy people of the City.

The origin of sedan chairs can be traced back to ancient civilisations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome. However, it was during the Renaissance period that sedan chairs gained popularity in Europe, including London.

Sedan chairs were primarily used by the elite and wealthier members of society. They provided a comfortable and efficient mode of transportation, especially in crowded urban areas where horse-drawn carriages would struggle to navigate narrow streets. Sedan chairs allowed individuals to travel swiftly and comfortably while avoiding the challenges of congestion and the often poor road conditions of the time.

Horse-Drawn Carriages:

As London expanded and the population grew, horse-drawn carriages gained prominence. Carriages varied in size and luxury, catering to different social classes.

These carriages, often driven by coachmen, provided a means of transportation for the upper classes and were an essential status symbol. The lack of good roads made coaching a somewhat haphazard affair however.

The Emergence of Hackney Carriages:

In the early 17th century, hackney carriages emerged as a more accessible form of public transportation in London. These carriages were available for hire and provided transportation for a fee, making them accessible to a broader range of the population.

Hackney carriages were four-wheeled carriages drawn by horses. They were designed to accommodate multiple passengers and offered a more comfortable and spacious mode of transport compared to sedan chairs or earlier forms of horse-drawn vehicles.

The term “hackney” originally referred to a horse for hire, and the concept of a “hackney carriage” emerged from the practice of hiring out horses and carriages for transportation. In London, the operation of hackney carriages was regulated by various acts of Parliament and local authorities.

A Hansom cab at the the Royal Exchange in the 1880s. The predecessor of the black cab

While the term “hackney carriage” is less commonly used today, the legacy of hackney cabs can be seen in the modern black cabs that have become synonymous with London.

The Rise of Black Cabs

The modern concept of the black cab, or black taxi, can be traced back to the 19th century. The term “cab” originated from the French word “cabriolet,” referring to a light carriage with a folding hood.

Hansom Cabs:

In the early 19th century, the introduction of the hansom cab revolutionised the taxi industry. Designed by Joseph Hansom, these two-wheeled carriages had a driver’s seat elevated at the rear, providing better visibility for the driver. Hansom cabs became a popular choice for public transportation due to their speed, manoeuvrability, and affordability.

The Introduction of Motorised Taxis:

The early 20th century witnessed the transition from horse-drawn carriages to motorised taxis. In 1903, London saw the first motorised taxicabs, known as “taxi-autos,” on its streets.

These vehicles were powered by internal combustion engines, offering a more efficient and reliable mode of transport.

The Austin FX4:

In 1958, the Austin FX4, a purpose-built taxi, was introduced. It became the iconic black cab that is still recognised today. With its distinctive shape, roomy interiors, and features like a turning circle to navigate narrow streets, the Austin FX4 became a symbol of London’s taxis.

Societal Impact and Cultural Significance

London taxis have long been an integral part of the city’s fabric, influencing society and culture in various ways.

A London Hansom cab, outside the Royal Albert Hall in 1904.

Taxis, particularly hackney carriages and later black cabs, provided a convenient and accessible mode of transport for Londoners. They played a crucial role in facilitating movement within the city, catering to a wide range of passengers, including commuters, tourists, and residents.

Black cabs, with their distinctive appearance and association with London, have become an iconic symbol of the city. They are frequently featured in postcards, films, and advertisements, serving as a visual representation of London’s transportation system and its unique charm.

London taxis have been featured prominently in literature, films, and popular culture. From Agatha Christie’s mysteries set in London to movies like “Sherlock Holmes” and “Harry Potter,” black cabs often serve as a backdrop or a means of transportation for the characters, further solidifying their cultural significance.

The Rules to Become a Cabby

Becoming a licensed taxi driver, or “cabby,” in London involves meeting specific requirements and passing rigorous examinations. The process ensures that drivers have a good knowledge of the city’s geography, landmarks, and regulations.

The Knowledge:

One of the most challenging aspects of becoming a cabby is acquiring “The Knowledge.” This refers to an in-depth understanding of London’s streets, routes, and points of interest. Prospective drivers must memorise thousands of street names, locations, and alternative routes, demonstrating their ability to navigate the city effectively.

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The Knowledge was introduced in the mid-19th century to ensure that London’s taxi drivers possessed a comprehensive understanding of the city’s intricate road network. The purpose was to provide passengers with reliable and efficient transportation, as drivers would be equipped with the ability to navigate the city’s complex streets and reach any destination swiftly.

To become a licensed cab driver, individuals must apply to the appropriate licensing authority, such as Transport for London (TfL). Applicants must meet specific criteria, including age restrictions, a valid driver’s license, and a clean criminal record.

For hire — Taxi! If the sign is lit its for hire. If its not…you’re walking.

Drivers must also undergo medical examinations and complete a comprehensive training program.

As part of the licensing process, aspiring cab drivers are required to pass a series of examinations. These tests assess their knowledge of The Knowledge, driving skills, and familiarity with relevant regulations and laws.

The examinations are designed to ensure that licensed cab drivers possess the necessary expertise to provide safe and efficient transportation services.

Laws Governing London Taxis

To maintain the integrity and quality of London’s taxi services, several laws and regulations govern the operation of black cabs.

Hackney Carriage Act:

The Hackney Carriage Act of 1831 established the regulations and fares for hackney carriages, ensuring that drivers provided fair and reliable services to the public. The Act set standards for vehicle conditions, licensing, and driver conduct, emphasising passenger safety and welfare.

Taxi and Private Hire Licensing:

Transport for London (TfL) is responsible for licensing and regulating taxi and private hire services in London. They enforce regulations concerning vehicle conditions, driver conduct, fare meters, and accessibility for disabled passengers.

The Conditions of Fitness:

The Conditions of Fitness for London’s taxis outline the technical standards that black cabs must meet to ensure passenger safety and comfort. These standards cover various aspects, including dimensions, lighting, seating, accessibility features, and emissions.

Fare Regulations:

Austin — A LTI FX4 black cab. No hay but this taxi has room enough for a top hat.

Transport for London sets the maximum fares that black cab drivers can charge for their services. The fares are calculated based on distance travelled and time spent in traffic. Fare meters installed in the vehicles accurately calculate the fares, ensuring transparency and preventing overcharging.

Hay:

Black Cabs are still referred to as Hackney Carriages. Although somewhat outdated (and no longer enforced) there is a strange law that still applies to them. All Cabs are to carry “sufficient foodstuffs for the horse.” Another odd twist to this is they are also to be able to provide ‘enough headroom to accommodate a man in a top hat’

Arrival

The history of London taxis is a captivating journey that spans centuries. From the humble sedan chairs and horse-drawn carriages to the modern black cabs, these vehicles have not only facilitated transportation but also left an indelible mark on London’s culture and identity.

Hackney carriages and black cabs have been a vital part of the city’s fabric, offering accessible and reliable transport services to Londoners and visitors alike.

The rules and regulations surrounding taxi licensing and the iconic status of black cabs highlight the significance and professionalism associated with London’s taxi industry. As the city continues to evolve, London taxis remain a symbol of its rich history, exceptional service, and enduring charm.